Blastocystis spp. y su asociación con otros parásitos intestinales en niños de edad preescolar, estado Sucre, Venezuela / Blastocystis spp. and their association to other intestinal parasites in preschool children from Sucre State, Venezuela

Introducción: Blastocystis spp. es uno de los parásitos intestinales más comunes en el ser humano y su patogenicidad sigue siendo controvertida. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de Blastocystis spp. y su asociación con otros parásitos intestinales a niños en edad preescolar. Métodos: Se procesaron 90 muestras fecales provenientes de niños en edad preescolar. Las técnicas copro-parasitológicas usadas fueron: examen directo con solución salina (0,85 por ciento) y lugol. Se usó la prueba chi cuadrado para demostrar la independencia entre las variables: parasitosis, sexo y edad. Se determinó el índice de afinidad de Fager para establecer las asociaciones entre los principales enteroparásitos identificados. Resultados: Se encontraron 68 niños parasitados, con 75,6 por ciento de prevalencia. No hubo diferencias significativas con respecto a la edad y el sexo (p> 0,05). Los parásitos más comunes fueron: Blastocystis spp. (45,6 por ciento), Endolimax nana (30,9 por ciento), Entamoeba coli (26,5 por ciento), y como único helminto, Enterobius vermicularis (1,5 por ciento). El 42,6 por ciento estuvo monoparasitado y 57,4 por ciento biparasitados. Los índices de afinidad (IAB) y pruebas de "t" efectuadas, señalaron asociación significativa entre Blastocystis spp. y los protozoarios E. nana y E. coli. Conclusiones: Se determina una elevada prevalencia de Blastocystis spp. y especies comensales intestinales, todas indicadoras de contaminación fecal, en que probablemente factores ambientales y socioculturales promueven su transmisión. Este tema debe continuarse y profundizarse por la connotación que ha adquirido este parásito en los debates científicos actuales, tanto en el ámbito nacional como internacional(AU)

Introduction: Blastocystis spp. are among the most common intestinal parasites affecting humans. Their pathogenicity continues to be a topic of debate. Objective: Determine the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. and their association to other intestinal parasites in preschool children. Methods: Analysis was performed of 90 stool samples from preschool children. The coproparasitological techniques used were direct examination with 0.85 percent saline solution and lugol. The chi-square test was used to show the independence between the variables parasitic infection, sex and age. Fager's affinity index was determined to establish associations between the main enteroparasites identified. Results: The study found 68 children infected with parasites, for a 75.6 percent prevalence. There were no significant differences with respect to age and sex (p> 0.05). The most common parasites were Blastocystis spp. (45.6 percent), Endolimax nana (30.9 percent) and Entamoeba coli (26.5 percent). The only helminth found was Enterobius vermicularis (1.5 percent). 42.6 percent of the children were infected with one parasite and 57.4 percent with two. The affinity index (IAB) and t tests performed revealed a significant association between Blastocystis spp. and the protozoa E. nana and E. coli. Conclusions: High prevalence was determined of Blastocystis spp. and intestinal protozoan species, all of which were indicative of fecal contamination. Environmental and sociocultural factors are likely to facilitate their transmission. This topic should continue to be addressed and examined due to the relevance of this parasite in current scientific debate, both nationally and internationally(AU)

Current status of research regarding Blastocystis sp, an enigmatic protist, in Brazil

The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in Brazilian studies over a period of years (2000-2020), as well as point out relevant aspects of this enigmatic organism. We performed a literature search using six sources of international databases. The data were divided into diagnostic by parasitological and molecular techniques, and relevant aspects. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 52 studies were included in the final analysis. The occurrence of Blastocystis sp. in Brazil ranged from 0.5% to 86.6%, as determined using parasitological techniques. The highest occurrence was in the North (27.3%) and the lowest, in the Midwest region (13.4%). In Brazil, most studies have employed molecular techniques and are concentrated in the Southeast region. The Blastocystis sp. subtype ST3 had the highest average positivity, followed by ST1 and ST2. These findings represent a panorama that reflects the reality of Brazil; thus, we believe that the effectiveness of parasitological diagnosis should be considered with regard to making an appropriate choice of technique for detecting Blastocystis sp. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of further studies in the context of molecular epidemiology with regard to this genus. Blastocystis sp. is not well understood yet, and very little information regarding this genus is available; hence, further research regarding this genus is urgently needed.

Asociación entre blastocistosis y anemia por déficit de hierro en mujeres embarazadas en el municipio La Lisa, La Habana, Cuba / Association between Blastocystosis and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women in La Lisa Municipality, Havana, Cuba

Introducción: Estudios recientes encontraron asociación entre blastocistosis y anemia por déficit de hierro. Uno de ellos demostró que en mujeres embarazadas la infección por Blastocystis spp. es un factor de riesgo para padecerla y puede tener consecuencias adversas tanto para la madre, como para el feto que en casos extremos puede conducir a mortalidad maternofetal. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia de blastocistosis en mujeres embarazadas y su posible asociación con la anemia ferropénica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio parasitológico, clínico y epidemiológico, de tipo descriptivo y de corte transversal, al universo de las gestantes atendidas en tres policlínicos del municipio La Lisa, entre julio 2017 y junio 2018. Resultados: De 135 embarazadas, 43 (31,9 por ciento) estaban infectadas por protozoos parásitos. De estos, Blastocystis spp, fue el más prevalente (28,9 por ciento). Del total de gestantes, 41 padecían de anemia. En la mayoría de estas (85,4 por ciento), la anemia clasificaba como ferropénica. La proporción de embarazadas parasitadas por Blastocystis spp. que padecían este tipo de anemia, en relación con las gestantes que no estaban infectadas por ese protozoo y también padecían de ese tipo de anemia fue significativamente mayor (p lt; 0,05). Conclusiones: Blastocistosis es una parasitosis de prevalencia creciente e insuficientemente conocida. Iniciativas para mejorar conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas en relación con su diagnóstico, tratamiento y control son perentorias a nivel popular y académico. Las estrategias de comunicación que se implementen deben informar sobre las posibles consecuencias clínicas de la infección en relación con la mujer embarazada(AU)

Introduction: Recent studies found an association between blastocystosis and iron deficiency anemia. One of them showed that the infection with Blastocystis spp is a risk factor for in pregnant women to suffer. This infection can have adverse consequences for both the mother and the fetus. In extreme cases it can lead to maternal and fetal mortality. Objective: To know the prevalence of blastocystosis in pregnant women and its possible association with iron deficiency anemia. Methods: A parasitological, clinical and epidemiological study, descriptive and cross-sectional was conducted on the universe of pregnant women treated in three clinics in La Lisa municipality from July 2017 to June 2018. Results: We found 43 (31.9 percent) pregnant women infected by parasitic protozoa out of 135 who were studied. Blastocystis spp, was the most prevalent (28.9 percent). 41 pregnant women suffered from anemia. In most of them (85.4 percent), anemia classified as iron deficiency. The proportion of pregnant women parasitized by Blastocystis spp who suffered from this type of anemia was significantly higher (p lt;0.05) in relation to pregnant women who were not infected by that protozoan and also suffered from that type of anemia. Conclusions: Blastocystosis is a parasitosis of increasing prevalence which is insufficiently known. Initiatives to improve knowledge, perceptions and practices are peremptory to their diagnosis, treatment and control at the general and academic levels. The communication strategies that are implemented should inform about possible clinical consequences of this infection in pregnant woman(AU)

Prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales en unidades educativas de Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela / Prevalence of intestinal parasites in educational units from Ciudad Bolívar, Venezuela

Introducción: Las parasitosis intestinales a nivel mundial son un problema de salud pública que afecta a los países en las zonas tropicales. Un grupo muy vulnerable a padecer este tipo de infección son los niños. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue determinar la prevalencia general de parásitos intestinales en las Unidades Educativas de Ciudad Bolívar, entre los años 2009 - 2013. Materiales y Métodos: Fueron obtenidos los trabajos de grado sobre el tema del Departamento de Parasitología y Microbiología y así se recolectaron datos sobre edad, sexo, tipo de parasito, especies y asociaciones parasitarias y poder calcular así dicha prevalencia general. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia general de 63,1% sin predilección por la edad o sexo. Los tipos de parásitos más prevalentes fueron los protozoarios con 83,5%. Las especies más prevalentes fueron Blastocystis spp con 39,7%, Entamoeba coli con 15,3%, y Giardia intestinalis con 13,4%. Las asociaciones parasitarias más frecuentes Blastocystis sppconEndolimax nana (21,1%) yBlastocystis sppcon Entamoeba coli. (7,4%). Discusión: Los resultados de este estudio guardan relación con estudios realizados a nivel nacional como internacional, con respecto a las prevalencias de parasitosis, el predominio de protozoarios sobre helmintos en los últimos años, y la indistinción de la infección parasitaria con respecto al género. Conclusiones: La prevalencia aquí estudiada a manera general es alta, se recomienda seguir haciendo este tipo de estudios en escuelas para denotar el impacto de estas infecciones en niños y la consecuencia que esto conlleva.

Introduction: The intestinal parasites are a worldwide public health problem that affects countries in tropical and subtropical areas, a very vulnerable group to suffer this kind of infection are children .The objective of this investigation was determine the general prevalence of parasitism intestinal in the Educational Units from Ciudad Bolívar, between the years 2009 - 2013. Materials and Methods: For this were reviewed the degree work’s about intestinal parasitism’s in the Department of Parasitology and Microbiology , ando so data was collected about, age, sex, parasite type, species and parasitic association, and so calculate the general prevalence Results: It was found a general prevalence of 63,1% no predilection for the age or sex. The parasite types more prevalent have be the protozoan with 83, 5%. The species more prevalente heve be Blastocystis spp with 39, 7% Entamoeba coli with 15, 3%, and Giardia intestinalis 13, 4%. The parasitic association most frequent Blastocystis spp / Endolimax nana (21,1%) and Blastocystis spp / Entamoeba coli (7,4%). Discussion: The results of this study relate to the work done at national and international level regarding the prevalence of parasitosis, the predominance of protozoa with respect to helminths, and indistinction of parasitic infection with regard to gender. Conclusions: The prevalence in all years studied here assessed globally is high, it is recommended to keep doing this type of study in schools to denote the impact of these infections in children and the consequences that this entails.

Morbilidad por blastocystis spp. en el hospital pediátrico universitario "William Soler" / Morbidity from blastocystis spp. at "William Soler" university pediatric hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: blastocystis spp. se considera actualmente un posible nuevo patógeno intestinal, y se reconoce su existencia en edad pediátrica. OBJETIVO: identificar el patrón clínico y epidemiológico de infección por Blastocystis spp. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo en 98 pacientes cuyas heces fueron recepcionadas en el Departamento de Parasitología del Hospital Pediátrico "William Soler" (2008 a 2009), en La Habana. RESULTADOS: Blastocystis spp. se manifestó de forma única en 59,2 %, significativamente superior (p= 0,000) respecto a su presentación en coinfección (26,7 %), principalmente con Giardia lambia (17,3 %) y Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (11,2 %). En infección solo por Blastocystis spp. (n= 58), la tasa de infección se incrementó de 47,2 % (1 y 4 años), a 83,3 % (13 a 18 años), y en el sexo masculino hubo mayor riesgo de contraer el parásito (razón o cociente de tasas= 0,7). La razón de tasa de Blastocystis spp., según zona de residencia y abasto de agua, fue menor que 1; mientras que, para la tenencia de animales en la casa y el origen del agua para consumo, fue superior a 1. La sintomatología se expresó en 96,6 %, básicamente por dolor abdominal y diarrea. CONCLUSIONES: la infección por Blastocystis spp. de forma única es típica en este estudio de 13 a 18 años, con riesgo incrementado en el sexo masculino, por la tenencia de animales en la casa, consumo de agua sin hervir, zona de residencia urbana y consumo de agua de acueducto. Los principales síntomas corresponden a dolor abdominal y diarrea.

INTRODUCTION: blastocystis spp. is presently considered a possible new intestinal pathogen and its presence is recognized at pediatric ages. OBJECTIVE: to identify the clinical and epidemiological pattern of infection caused by Blastocystis spp. METHODS: descriptive study of 98 patients whose feces were collected at the department of parasitology in "William Soler" pediatric hospital (2008-2009) in Havana. RESULTS: Blastocystis spp. manifested in 59.2 % of cases, significantly higher (p= 0.000) rate than in co-infection (26.7 %) mainly with Giardia lambdia (17.3 %) and Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar (11.2 %). Regarding infection just by Blastocystis spp. (n= 58), the infection rate rose from 47.2 % (1 and 4 years-old) to 83.3 % (13 to 18 years-old) and males had higher risks of acquiring the parasites (ratio rate= 0.7). The rate ratio of Blastocystisspp., according to the area of residence and water supply system, was lower than 1 whereas having pets at home and origin of the drinking water was over 1. Abdominal pain and diarrheas were the basic symptoms found in 96.6 % of the sample. CONCLUSIONS: single Blastocystis spp. infection is typical in this study in the 13-18 years old group, with increased risk for males, pets at home, taking water that is not boiled, urban area of residence and consumption of tap water. The main symptoms were abdominal pain and diarrheas.

Evidencias y mecanismos de patogenicidad de Blastocystis sp / Evidence and pathogenicity mechanisms of Blastocystis sp

INTRODUCCIÓN: durante las últimas dos décadas se acumularon evidencias que favorecen la aceptación del carácter patógeno de Blastocystis sp. Sin embargo, esos argumentos no son aún del conocimiento de la inmensa mayoría de los profesionales relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de las parasitosis intestinales, en general, y de la blastocistosis, en particular. OBJETIVOS: revisar lo publicado sobre las evidencias en favor de la patogenicidad de Blastocystis sp. y hasta dónde la información acumulada permite exponer los mecanismos por los cuales este parásito puede causar daños en el hospedero humano. MÉTODOS: con el auxilio de diferentes buscadores electrónicos, se realiza una revisión de los artículos sobre patogenicidad de Blastocystis sp. publicados durante el período 1994-2014. Puntualmente, algunas monografías y artículos originales fechados con anterioridad al intervalo mencionado también fueron consultados. CONCLUSIONES: evidencias clínicas, fenotípicas y genotípicas acumuladas durante los últimos tres lustros favorecen la aceptación del carácter patógeno de Blastocystis sp. y estas, una vez difundidas ente los profesionales correspondientes, deberán ser tenidas en cuenta para la realización de un mejor diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de esta parasitosis.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence has been gathered in the past two decades which leads to recognizing the pathogenic nature of Blastocystis sp. However, these arguments are still not known to the vast majority of professionals engaged in the diagnosis, treatment and control of intestinal parasitosis in general and blastocystosis in particular. OBJECTIVES: Review publications containing evidence of the pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp. and determine whether the information accumulated allows description of the mechanisms by which this parasite may cause damage to human hosts. METHODS: Various search engines were used to find and review papers published in the period 1994-2014 dealing with the pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp. Several monographs and original papers dated before the above mentioned period were also consulted. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical, phenotypic and genotypic evidence accumulated in the last fifteen years lead to recognizing the pathogenic nature of Blastocystis sp. Once made known to the corresponding professionals, such evidence should be borne in mind to improve the quality of the diagnosis, treatment and control of this parasitosis.

Patogenicidad de Blastocystis sp. Evidencias y mecanismos / Pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp. Evidence and mechanisms

Introducción: durante las últimas dos décadas se acumularon evidencias que favorecen la aceptación del carácter patógeno de Blastocystis sp. Sin embargo, esos argumentos no son aún del conocimiento de la inmensa mayoría de los profesionales relacionados con el diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de las parasitosis intestinales, en general, y de la blastocistosis, en particular. Objetivos: revisar lo publicado sobre las evidencias en favor de la patogenicidad de Blastocystis sp. y, hasta dónde la información acumulada permite, exponer los mecanismos por los cuales este parásito puede causar daños en el hospedero humano. Métodos: con el auxilio de diferentes buscadores electrónicos, se realiza una revisión de los artículos sobre patogenicidad de Blastocystis sp. publicados durante el período 1994-2014. Puntualmente, también fueron consultados, algunas monografías y artículos originales fechados con anterioridad al intervalo mencionado. Resultados: se expone y analiza, con un enfoque académico y asistencial, la información actualizada sobre los temas seleccionados. Conclusiones: evidencias clínicas, fenotípicas y genotípicas acumuladas durante los últimos tres lustros favorecen la aceptación del carácter patógeno de Blastocystis sp. y éstas, una vez difundidas ente los profesionales correspondientes, deberán ser tenidas en cuenta para la realización de un mejor diagnóstico, tratamiento y control de esta parasitosis(AU)

Introduction: during the last two decades, evidence supporting the pathogenic character of Blastocystis sp. accumulated. Nevertheless, those arguments are still unknown by the great majority of professionals related with diagnosis, treatment and control of the intestinal infectious in general, and of the blastocystosis in particular. Objectives: to review published materials about pieces of evidence that support the acceptance of the pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp., and to what extent the information accumulated allows revealing the mechanisms by which this parasite causes damage to the human host. Methods: through different search engines, papers about pathogenicity of Blastocystis sp. published during 1994-2014 period were reviewed. Additionally, some monograph and papers dated previously to the mentioned interval were also consulted. Results: updated information about the selected topics, with academic and practical approach, were presented and analyzed. Conclusions: clinical, phenotypic and genetic pieces of evidence accumulated during the last fifteen years support the pathogenic character of Blastocystis sp. Once they are adequately integrated into the practice of the corresponding professionals the diagnosis, treatment and control of blastocystosis could be improved(AU)

Frecuencia y fuentes de Blastocystis sp . en niños de 0 a 5 años de edad atendidos en hogares infantiles públicos de la zona urbana de Calarcá, Colombia / Blastocystis sp . frequency and sources among children from 0 to 5 years of age attending public day care centers in Calarcá, Colombia

Introducción. No se han descrito las fuentes potenciales de infección por Blastocystis sp . en Colombia. Objetivos. Estimar la frecuencia de Blastocystis sp . y explorar posibles asociaciones entre la infección, las manifestaciones clínicas y algunas fuentes ambientales. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo con una población de 1.993 menores de 5 años (lactantes y preescolares) de estratos socioeconómicos 1 y 2, atendidos en hogares infantiles de Calarcá, Colombia. Se calculó una muestra de 275 y se seleccionó aleatoriamente a los participantes en 10 % de los hogares infantiles. Se practicaron exámenes coprológicos y encuestas y se tomaron muestras para la identificación del parásito en heces, uñas, animales domésticos y algunas fuentes ambientales. Se hicieron preparaciones en fresco con lugol al 1 % y se utilizó una técnica de concentración con formol-éter. Se estimaron prevalencias y razones de momios; para las variables cualitativas se utilizó el test de ji al cuadrado y, para las cuantitativas, la prueba t de Student. Resultados. La prevalencia de infección en los niños fue de 57,5 %. Hubo asociación estadísticamente significativa entre la presencia del parásito en heces y su hallazgo en recipientes de agua de panela (OR=1,70; IC 95% 1,05-2,79), en los pisos de madera o de tierra en la vivienda (OR=3,43; IC 95% 1,12-10,48), y en alimentos diferentes a la leche en el tetero (OR=3,23; IC 95% 1,41-4,41); y se encontró una prevalencia alta sin asociación en muestras de uñas (OR=1,62; IC 95% 0,99-2,67). La diarrea fue más frecuente en niños con Blastocystis sp. (45 %) que en aquellos sin el parásito (33 %) (OR: 1,95; IC 95% 0,99-2,77) (p<0,05). Conclusiones. Blastocystis sp . se asoció significativamente con síntomas de diarrea en los niños menores de 5 años y se encontró distribuido ampliamente en el ambiente y en el agua. Se requeriría determinar si hay huéspedes específicos para genotipos patógenos por medio de técnicas moleculares.

Introduction: There are no reports of the potential sources of Blastocystis sp . in Colombia. Objectives: To estimate the frequency of Blastocystis sp . and explore possible associations among infection, clinical manifestations and environmental sources. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was conducted; a representative sample was calculated from a population of 1,993 children less than 5 years old of the lowest socioeconomic levels (1 and 2) attending day care centers in Calarcá, Colombia. The calculated sample size was 275 children, who were selected randomly in 10 % of the centers. Stool testing, questionnaires and sampling to identify the parasite in feces, nails, pets and environmental sources, were performed. Fresh preparations were made with 1% iodine solution, and a concentration technique with formalin-ether was used. Prevalence and odd ratios were estimated; the chi-square test was utilized for qualitative variables, and Student´s t for the quantitative ones. Results: The prevalence of infection in children was of 57.5%. A statistically significant association was found between the Blastocystis sp . positive stool tests and the presence of the parasite in containers of sugar cane beverage (OR=1.70; 95% CI: 1.05-2.79), wood or ground floors (OR=3.43; 95% CI: 1.12-10.48) and in foods other than bottled milk (OR=3.23; 95% CI: 1.41-4.41) . A non-significant high prevalence was found in nails (OR=1.62; 95% CI: 0.99-2.67), as well as a significantly higher prevalence of diarrhea (OR=1.95; 95% CI: 0.99-2.77) in children with Blastocystis sp . (45%) as compared with those without the parasite (33%; p<0.05). Conclusions: Blastocystis sp . showed a significant association with diarrhea symptoms in children 0 to 5 years old and was widely distributed in the environment and in water. It is necessary to determine if there are specific hosts with pathogenic potential through molecular techniques.

Algunas consideraciones acerca de Blastocystissp, un parásito controversial / Some considerations about Blastocystis sp, a controversial parasite / Algumas considerações sobre Blastocystis sp, Um parasita controverso

Blastocystis es un organismo unicelular, anaerobio y uno de los parásitos intestinales de mayor prevalencia a nivel mundial. Durante mucho tiempo su ubicación taxonómica fue difícil de definir. Actualmente es considerado el único parásito humano del Reino Chromista. Se le reconocen numerosas formas evolutivas (vacuolares, granulares, ameboidales, avacuolares, multivacuolares y quísticas) que conforman un ciclo vital aún en estudio. Los quistes son las formas de resistencia y transmisión. Se lo considera un parásito zoonótico con 9 subtipos que pueden tener diferentes especificidades entre hospedadores humanos y animales. Su carácter patógeno ha sido motivo también de controversia dado que puede presentar infecciones asintomáticas o sintomáticas con manifestaciones digestivas, y dérmicas, entre otras. El diagnóstico de laboratorio puede ser microscópico o mediante cultivos, serología y técnicas moleculares.

Blastocystis is an anaerobic, unicellular organism and it is one of the most prevalent among intestinal parasites. It has a worldwide distribution. Nowadays, it is considered the only human parasite that belongs to the kingdom Chromista. Many morphological forms of the parasite are known: vacuolar, granular, amoeboid, avacuolar, multivacuolar and cyst. Its life cycle is not completely understood. Cysts are the forms of resistance and transmission. It is considered a zoonotic parasite with 9 subtypes, with different specificities for human and animal hosts. Its pathogenesis is controversial because it can cause asymptomatic and symptomatic infections, with gastrointestinal and cutaneous manifestations. Laboratory diagnosis may be performed by microscopic, cultural, serological and molecular techniques.

Enteroparasitosis en alumnos de educación básica de la ciudad de Antofagasta (2006 - 2007) / Enteroparasitism in students of basic education in two municipal schools of the city of Antofagasta (2006-2007)

In the northern part of Chile, due to its geoclimatic characteristics, enteroparasitosis in school children is mainly due to protozoos is such as Giardiosis and Blastocystosis, and Enterobiosis among helminthic infections. During the years 2006 and 2007, we made an enteroparasitosis survey of 92 school children in grades 1 to 8 in two municipal schools of Antofagasta. The global prevalence rate of parasites and commensals was 83.69%. We found frequencies of 68.48% for Blastocystis hominis, 8.70% for Giardia duodenalis, and 23.91% for Enterobius vermicularis. The frequencies for commensals were 18.48% for Entamoeba coli, 16.30% for Endolimax nana, 5.43% for Chilomastix mesnili and 3.26% for Lodamoeba bütschlii. We conclude that the frequency of infection by parasites and commensals among school children is related to the deficient sanitary conditions present in some sectors of the city of Antofagasta, associated with socioeconomic and cultural factors of the population.

En el norte de Chile por las características geoclimáticas, las enteroparasitosis en escolares se centra principalmente en protozoosis como la Giardiosis y Blastocistosis y la Enterobiosis entre las helmintiasis. Durante los años 2006 y 2007 se encuestó enteroparasitológicamente a 92 escolares que cursaban entre 1° y 8° básico en dos escuelas municipales de Antofagasta. La tasa de prevalencia global por parásitos y comensales fue de 83,69%. Con indicadores de 68,48% para Blastocystis hominis y 8,70% para Giardia duodenalis, y de 23,91% para Enterobius vermicularis. Entre los comensales se encontró Entamoeba coli (18,48%), Endolimax nana (16,30%), Chilomastix mesnili (5,43%) y Iodamoeba bütschlii (3,26%). Se concluye que la frecuencia de infecciones por parásitos y comensales entre los escolares estaría relacionada con las condiciones sanitarias deficitarias presentes en algunos sectores de la ciudad de Antofagasta, asociadas a factores socioeconómicos y culturales de la población.

Frequency of Blastocystis hominis and other intestinal parasites in stool samples examined at the Parasitology Laboratory of the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences at the São Paulo State University, Araraquara / Freqüência de Blastocystis hominis e outros enteroparasitas em amostras de fezes examinadas no Laboratório de Parasitologia da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara

Blastocystis homins is a protozoan that causes an intestinal infection known as human blastocystosis. This infection is diagnosed by means of parasitological examination of stools and by permanent staining techniques. The present study was developed to evaluate the frequency of Blastocystis hominis infection among inhabitants of the Araraquara region, State of São Paulo, and to compare different methods for investigating this protozoan in feces samples. Evaluations on 503 stool samples were performed by means of direct fresh examination and using the techniques of Faust et al., Lutz and Rugai et al. In addition, the iron hematoxylin, trichrome and modified Kinyoun staining techniques were used. Out of the 503 samples examined, 174 (34.6 percent) were found to be positive for the presence of intestinal parasites. The most frequent protozoa and helminths were Entamoeba coli (14.6 percent) and Strongyloides stercoralis (6.7 percent), respectively. Blastocystis hominis was present in 23 (4.6 percent) fecal samples, with a predominately pasty consistency and without characterizing a condition of diarrhea. Despite the low frequency of Blastocystis hominis found in the Araraquara region, compared with other regions of Brazil, it is important to perform laboratory diagnostic tests for this protozoan. Its finding in fecal material is indicative of food and drinking water contamination. Since the transmission route for this parasite is accepted to be oral-fecal, this implies that the population needs guidance regarding hygiene and basic sanitation measures as a means for controlling health problems caused by enteroparasites.

Blastocystis hominis é um protozoário, causador de infecção intestinal denominada blastocistose humana, cujo diagnóstico é realizado pelo exame coproparasitológico e por meio de técnicas de coloração permanente. Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar a freqüência da infecção por Blastocystis hominis em habitantes da região de Araraquara/SP, bem como comparar diferentes métodos para a pesquisa desse protozoário em amostras de fezes. Foram estudadas 503 amostras de fezes submetidas ao exame direto a fresco, às técnicas de Faust e cols, Lutz e de Rugai e cols, além das colorações pela hematoxilina férrica, tricrômio e de Kinyoun modificada. Entre as 503 amostras examinadas, 174 (34,6 por cento) apresentaram-se positivas para a presença de parasitas intestinais. O protozoário e o helminto mais freqüentes foram Entamoeba coli (14,6 por cento) e Strongyloides stercoralis (6,7 por cento), respectivamente. Blastocystis hominis foi observado em 23 (4,6 por cento) amostras fecais com consistência predominantemente pastosa, não caracterizando quadro diarréico. Apesar da baixa freqüência de Blastocystis hominis encontrada na região de Araraquara, comparativamente a outras regiões brasileiras, é importante a realização do diagnóstico laboratorial desse protozoário. O encontro de Blastocystis hominis em material fecal é indicativo de contaminação de alimentos e água de consumo, desde que se admita a rota de transmissão oral-fecal desse parasita, o que implica na orientação da população sobre as medidas de saneamento básico e higiene como meio para se controlar problemas de saúde ocasionados pelos enteroparasitas.

Transición parasitaria a Blastocystis hominis en niños de la zona centro del estado de Guerrero, México / Parasitic transition to Blastocystis hominis in children from center zone of Guerrero state, Mexico

Blastocystis hominis es un organismo emergente cuya prevalencia se ha incrementado en los últimos años. La frecuencia en México va de 4,0 por ciento a 62 por ciento, sin reportes previos en el estado de Guerrero. La población estudiada fueron tres localidades del estado de Guerrero: Chilpancingo, Petaquilla y Tixtla en un total de 1.138 niños preescolares y escolares, de ambos sexos. Mediante tres técnicas coproparasitóscopicas (CPS): examen directo, concentración por flotación de Faust y cultivo de Barret, se detectaron un total de 38 por ciento de niños parasitados y B. hominis ocupó el primer lugar con el 61 por ciento de los CPS positivos. El 90 por ciento de los casos fueron parasitosis única. El 58 por ciento de los niños aparentemente sanos y con B. hominis declararon tener algún síntoma gastrointestinal. La asociación de B. hominis con dolor abdominal y beber agua de la llave tuvo diferencia significativa. Proponemos una transición parasitaria a B. hominis como principal parásito del hombre, como resultado de las medidas de control para las parasitosis intestinales.

Blastocystis hominis is an enteric emergen organism found in human it's prevalence has been increasing in the lasts years. The frequency in Mexico is from 4.0 percent to 62 percent, without reports in the Guerrero state. The aim of this study was to inform the parasitic transition to B. hominis in the Central Zone of Guerrero state. The population in this study were three communities of Guerrero state: Chilpancingo, Petaquilla and Tixtla in a total of 1,138 preschools and schools children of both sexs. Three parasitological tests were used for detection of the parasite in stool specimens: micrscopy of direct smears, concentration and flotation technique and serum-solution saline culture. Global prevalence of parasites was of 38 percent and B. hominis was the principal parasite with 61 percent on the positive tests. The 90 percent were only B. hominis and 10 percent with others parasites. A total of 58 percent of the children healthy with B. hominis declarated have gastrointestinal symptoms. The association ofB. hominis with abdominal pain and drinking taste water had significant difference. We propuse a parasitic transition to B. hominis as principal human parasite, this can be the result of man-made intervention in the intestinal parasitosis control.

Blastocystis sp. and other intestinal parasites in hemodialysis patients

Chronic renal insufficiency disease (CRI) leads to uremia in hemodialysis patients and induces a state of immunodepression that results in higher frequencies of infections and diarrhea. Hemodialysis patients resident in the city of Campo Mourão, Paraná, Brazil were analyzed from April 2006 through September 2007 for Blastocystis sp. and other intestinal parasites and for associated diarrhea. Fecal samples from 86 hemodialysis patients and 146 healthy (reference) persons were examined by standard methods for detecting ova, larvae and cysts, which included preservation in 10 percent formalin and the Kinyoun method. Thirty-three hemodialysis patients (45.1 percent) and 36 reference individuals (25.7 percent) were found to be parasitized. The differences in the percentages of parasitism and polyparasitism between the reference group and the chronic renal patients was significant (p= 0.0318 and 0.0019, respectively). Blastocystis sp. (18 percent-20.1 percent), Endolimax nana (14 percent-16.3 percent), Cryptosporidium sp. (4 percent-4.7 percent) and Entamoeba coli (4 percent-4.7 percent) were the most frequent protozoa found in the hemodialysis patients. Parasitism was not significantly associated with diarrhea (p=0.9947) or with decreased white blood cell counts (p=0.7046) in these individuals. Because parasitic infections may be an important comorbidity factor in hemodialysis patients, we suggest that parasitological stool examinations, especially for Blastocystis sp. and Cryptosporidium sp., be included in routine medical follow-up examinations of these patients.

Intestinal protozoa and helminths among Terena Indians in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul: high prevalence of Blastocystis hominis

A parasitological survey was carried out among Terena Indians living in the Tereré settlement in the municipality of Sidrolândia, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Single samples of feces from 313 Indians were processed by means of the spontaneous sedimentation method. In the population studied, 73.5 percent were infected with at least one intestinal parasite or commensal. Protozoa predominated. Blastocystis hominis (40.9 percent), Entamoeba coli (33.2 percent) and Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar (31.6 percent) were the most common. Bivariate analysis showed that females were generally more infected and presented higher rates of infection by Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar and Entamoeba coli. Males were more infected by hookworms and Strongyloides stercoralis than females. The precarious sanitary conditions of the Tereré settlement are probably a contributory factor towards the high prevalence of intestinal protozoa.

Um inquérito parasitológico foi realizado em índios Terena da aldeia Tereré, do município de Sidrolândia, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Amostras únicas de fezes de 313 índios foram processadas pelo método de sedimentação espontânea. Na população estudada, 73.5 por cento estavam infectados por pelo menos um parasita ou comensal intestinal. Os protozoários predominaram. Blastocystis hominis (40.9 por cento), Entamoeba coli (33.2 por cento) e Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar (31.6 por cento) foram os mais comuns. A análise bivariada demonstrou que as mulheres estavam mais infectadas no geral e apresentavam maior taxa de infecção para Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar e Entamoeba coli. Os homens estavam mais infectados por ancilostomídeos e Strongyloides stercoralis que as mulheres. As precárias condições sanitárias da aldeia Tereré são provavelmente um fator contribuinte para a alta prevalência de protozoários.

Elevada prevalencia de blastocystis hominis en manipuladores de alimentos de los mercados públicos de la zona sud de la ciudad de La Paz / A alta prevalência de Blastocystis hominis entre manipuladores de alimentos em mercados públicos na zona sul da cidade de La Paz

Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de blastocystis hominis y otros enteroparásitos en manipuladores de alimentos de los mercados públicos de la zona sud de la ciudad de La Paz. Diseño. Descriptivo transversal. Participantes. Manipuladores de alimentos de los mercados: Achumani, Corazón de Jesus, 16 de Julio y la Merced de la ciudad de La Paz. Lugar. Departamento de patología, cátedra de parasitología. Laboratorio de parasitología. Material y Métodos. Se evaluaron318 muestras de heces, correspondientes a 106 vendedores de alimentos, por examen directo, método de concentracíon de Ritchie modificado y sedimentación espontánea en tubo. Resultados. La prevalencia de la protozoosis intestinal fue de 89,6 por ciento. Los protozoos detectados fueron blastocystis hominis, giardia duodenalis, entamoeba coli, chilomastix mesnili, endolimax nana, lodamoeba butschlii y retortamonas intestinalis. B.hominis fue el protozoo mas frecuente (80,2 por ciento). Se destaca la ausencia de helmintos. En las 101 mujeres y 5 varones, se observó que B. hominis fue más común en el rango de edad de 26 a 37 años (31,8 por ciento) ( p)0.05 ). Las secciones de abarrotes, verduras, comida, jugos y otras mostraron prevalencias entre 29,4 por ciento y 12,9 por ciento, sin embargo, no hubo diferencias significativas ( p)0.05 ). De los 85 manipuladores de alimentos infectados con B. hominis, 13 tenían únicamente este parásito y 72 estaban asociados a otras especies. La combinación estuvo representada por dos, tres y cuatro especies diferentes. Las asociaciones más frecuentes y estadísticamente significativas ( p(0.05 ) fueron con los protozoarios, E. coli y Ch. mesnili. Conclusión. Este es el primer trabajo en Bolivia, donde se determina los valores más altos de prevalencia de B. hominis en la población estudiada, lo que indica...

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of Blastocystis hominis and other intestinal parasites among food handlers in South markets, La Paz City.DesignCross-sectional descriptive,ParticipantsFood handlers of the Achumani, Corazón de Jesus, 16 de Julio, and la Merced south markets, La Paz City.PlaceDepartment of Pathology, Laboratory of Parasitology.Material and methodsA serial coproparasitological analysis was performed (3 samples) in 106 food handlers (308 samples) were evaluated by direct examination (saline solution and lugol), modified Ritchie, and simple sedimentation in tube.ResultsThe prevalence of intestinal protozoosis was 89,6%. The detected protozoos was Blastocystis hominis, Giardia duodenalis, Entamoeba coli, Chilomastix mesnili, Endolimax nana, Iodomoeba bütschlii. Retortamonas intestinalis. B. hominis was the most frequently detected protozoa (80,2%). There is absence of helminths.In the 101 women and 5 men, B. hominis was more common in the age range from 26 to 37 years (31,8%) (p>0.05).The sections of groceries, vegetables, food, juices and others, showed prevalences between 29,4% and 12,9%, however, no significant differences were found (p>0.05).Of the 85 food handlers infected with B. hominis, 13 had this parasite only, and in 72 cases B. hominis was associated to other species. The combination was of two, three, and four different species. The most frequent and statistically significant associations (p <0.05) were with the protozoa: E. coli and C. mesnili.ConclusionThis is the first time in Bolivia that a highest prevalence of B. hominis is found in a population group, what indicates a high index of fecal contamination.Therefore, this should be a high-priority group to take into account when measures of promoting prevention and control of these parasites are taken in the population, because the food handlers are an epidemically important group for the dissemination of intestinal parasites.

Blastocystis hominis and other intestinal parasites in a community of Pitanga City, Paraná State, Brazil

O presente trabalho foi realizado no período de agosto a outubro de 2004 com o objetivo de se estimar a prevalência de Blastocystis hominis, avaliar a eficácia de diferentes técnicas para o seu diagnóstico assim como estimar a prevalência de outros parasitas intestinais na comunidade de Campo Verde, município de Pitanga. Amostras de fezes de crianças e adultos foram coletadas e submetidas às técnicas de exame direto, de flutuação em solução de sulfato de zinco, de sedimentação em tubo, de sedimentação em formol-éter e de coloração pelos métodos de Kinyoun e de hematoxilina férrica. Protozoários e/ou helmintos intestinais foram detectados em 128 (70,7%) das 181 amostras de fezes analisadas. As espécies mais prevalentes foram Endolimax nana (33,7%); B. hominis (26,5%); Giardia lamblia (18,2%); Entamoeba coli (17,1%); Ascaris lumbricoides (16,6%); Iodamoeba bütschlii (9,4%) e ancilostomídeos (7,7%). B. hominis foi identificado apenas pelas técnicas de exame direto, de sedimentação em formol-éter e de coloração pela hematoxilina férrica, sendo que esta última se mostrou menos sensível que às demais. A alta freqüência de B. hominis evidenciada por este estudo indica a necessidade de se incluir na rotina do laboratório técnicas que permitam a identificação deste parasita.

Elevada prevalência de blastocistose em pacientes do Centro de Saúde de Soledad, Estado Anzoátegui, Venezuela / Blastocystosis: a high prevalence of cases found in patients from Health Center of Soledad, Anzoategui State, Venezuela

Entre 98 exames parasitológicos de fezes de pacientes do Centro de Saúde de Soledad, Anzoátegui, Venezuela, foram encontrados 46 (46,9 por cento) positivos para Blastocystis hominis.

Epidemiological survey of Giardia spp. and Blastocystis hominis in an Argentinian rural community

The aim of this study was to relate personal data, socio-cultural and environmental characteristics, and the presence of symptoms/signs with the frequencies of Giardia spp. and Blastocystis hominis among a rural population in Buenos Aires Province, Argentina. Of the surveyed population (350), 3.7% were infected with only Giardia spp. or 22.9% with B. hominis, and 2.3% were infected with both protozoa. The frequency of infection according to sex; 6.1% of males were infected and 1.6% of females by Giardia spp., 26.7% and 19.5% by B. hominis, and 2.4% and 2.2% by both parasites, respectively. Giardia spp. was detected in only three adults (over 14 years), but B. hominis was more frequent in adults than in children. The prevalences of these protozoa in this community are lower than those reported by other Argentinean studies, which is probably associated with the low density of the studied population (5.95 inhab/km2). Statistical analysis revealed that a male sex, flooding of the home, the use of a latrine, and an abdominal pain were correlated with the presence of these parasites, which indicate the importance of these factors in rural communities.

Intestinal parasites, including Cryptosporidium species, in Iraqi patients with sickle-cell anaemia

Stool samples were obtained from individuals admitted to three hospitals in Basra during November 1997-May 1998. Of 40 patients with sickle-cell anaemia, 25 [62.5%] had parasitic infections. In the apparently healthy comparison group, 26 of 175 individuals [14.8%] had intestinal parasitic infections, a statistically significant difference. The most common intestinal parasites isolated in the sickle-cell patients were Blastocystis hominis [36%] and Giardia lamblia [28%]. The isolation rate of Cryptosporidium species in sickle-cell patients [5%] was not significantly different from that in apparently healthy individuals [1.14%]. We report for the first time the isolation of Isospora belli from a sickle-cell patient in Iraq and the Mediterranean region